Period+6+Questions

1. State one function of... Lysosome Golgi apparatus Rough ER Nucleus Mitochondrion **[5]**

2. Describe how sexual repoduction results in genetic variation. **[4]**

3. Describe, with the aid of adiagram, the behavior of chromosomes in the different phases of meiosis. **[5]**

4. Explain how meiosis and fertilization can give rise to genetic variety. **[6]**

5. Desribe how sexual reproduction promotes genetic variation within a species. **[4]**

6. Explan how meiosis results in great genetic variety among gametes. **[8]**

7. Explain the effects of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on enzyme activity. **[8]**

8. Outline enzyme-substrate specificity. **[5]**

9. Explain how allosteric control of metabolic pathways by end-product inhibition includes negative feedback and non-competetive inhibition. **[8]**

10. Explain the relationship between the structure and function of the arteries, veins, and capillaries. **[8]**

11. Explain the events of the cardiac cycle. **[7]**

12. Describe the mechanisms that control the heartbeat. **[4]**

13. Draw and labela diagram t show the internal structure of the heart. **[6]** 14. Describe how carbon dioxie is carried by blood. **[4]**

15. Explain the process of aerobic respiration including oxidative phosphorylation. **[8]**

16. Explain the similarities and diffeences in anerobic and aerobic cellular espiration. **[8]**

17. Compare, with the aid of a iagram, the structure of generalized prokaryotic and eukaryotic animal cells. **[8]**

18. State one function of each of the following organelles: lysosome, golgi apparatus **[2]**

19.

20. Discuss possible exceptions to the cell theory. **[4]**

21. Outline the process of endocytosis. **[5]**

22. Explain how the structure and properties of phospholipids helpt to maintain the structure of cell membranes.[9] Tails face inside the membrane, heads face outside saturated/unsaturated fatty acid in tail tail two fatty acids phospholipids allow membrane fluidity layers restrict entry /exit of substances fluidity important for breaking (endocytosis exocytosis) Hydrophilic heads toward exterior of membrane and cytoplasm phospholipids flip flop and move laterally Phospholipid bilayer

23. Describe the process of active transport. **[4]**

24. Draw diagrams to show the four stages of mitosis in an animal cell with four chromosomes. **[5]**

25. Draw a labelled diagram of the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. **[5]**

26. Describe passive transport across a biological membrane. **[5]**

27. Explain how vesicles are used in cells, including the way in which they form and are reabsorbed. **[8]**

28. Draw a diagram of the human digestive system. **[4]**

29. Describe the role of enzymes in the process of digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in humans. **[6]**

30. State the source, substrate, products, and optimum pH for any two named digestive enzymes. **[4]**

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33. Blood vessels carry blood to and from the kidney. Draw a labelled diagram to show the internal structure of the kidney, including the vessels that are connected to it. **[5]**

34. Compare the composition of blood arriving at the kidney wih the composition of blood carried away from it. **[4]**

35. Explain the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. **[6]**

36. Draw a diagram of the human gas exchange system.

37. Explain how and why the breathing rate varies with exercise. **[9]**

38. Explain the way the body acclimatizes to gas exchange at high altitudes.

39. Explain how the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis rely on light-dependent reactions. **[8]** //The light-independent reactions include the formation of glucose, but that process cannot occur without the products of the light-dependent reactions. The light-dependent reactions harness light// **//(1)//** //with pigment molecules to excite electrons//**//(2).//** //The passage of the photoexcited electron//**//(3)//** //along the electron transport chain between photosystem 2 and photosystem 1 pumps H+ ions into the thylakoid membrane. That concentration creates a gradient that produces ATP//**//(4),//** //which is used (for the phosphate group//**//(5)//** //and to reproduce RuBP//**//(6)//**//) in the light-dependent reactions. The electron, after passing through the two photosystems, reduces NADP+ to form NADPH//**//(7)//**//. NADPH is used in the light-independent reactions to reduce a three carbon molecule into G3P// **//(8).//** //Two G3P molecules form glucose, therefore, NADPH and ATP are necessary for the light-independent reactions.// -Hannah Fisher

40. Outline the effect of temperature, light intensity, and CO2 concentation on the rate of photosynthesis. **[6]**

41. Explain the reactions involving the use of light energy that occur in the thylakoids of the chloroplast. **[8]**

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